分类归档： 写作攻略

借用他人的思想，引用他人的话在写Essay时不可避免。但借用别人的思想而未加以注明则是一种剽窃行为。有关参考文献的写法国际上有惯例和规则，最为流行的参考文献的写法是MLA(The Modern Language Association)、APA(The American Psychological Association)和Chicago Manual Style。APA广泛应用于社会科学和教育领域。本文小编为大家分享这两种格式的文献引用写作方法。如果需要代写请记得找我们1st

　一、 引文的格式

引文的格式可采用文中夹注、脚注和尾注的形式。MLA和APA格式不采用脚注或尾注，而使用文中夹注的形式，MLA格式要求标明作者的姓和页数，它们之间没有逗号。APA要求括号里标明作者姓名、出版日期，引文的其他信息可在参考文献中找到。

1 文中夹注(Parenthetical Citation)

1)引文较短时，要用双引号括起来，引文与正文融为一体。如果作者已在文中出现，注释中就不再列作者的名字。

Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation that“ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is, in fact, due to their not having an appropriate repertoire of learning strategies.”(1985:7)

2)当引文较长时(四行或超过四行)，引文要另起一段，缩进五个空格，不用引号。

Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more effective learning strategies:

Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language skills can facilitate learning(O’Malley et al 1985a: 577).

3)多个作者在第二次被提到时可用第一个作者的姓加et al.

Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract, static-dynamic, contextualized-decontextualized(Brown et al.1978).

4)引文是翻译材料时要注明最初出版时间和翻译时间。

This is not a recent discovery. More than a hundred years ago, the neo-grammarians Hermann Osthoff and Karl Brugman described such a situation very well:

When serious attempts at upset are directed against a procedure that one is used to and with which one feels comfortable, one is always more readily stimulated to ward off the disturbance than to undertake a thorough revision and possible alteration of the accustomed procedure.

(Osthoff and Brugman 1878(1967)：204)

2 脚注(Footnotes)

脚注写在该页最后一行下面数四行的位置。如果该页有两个以上的脚注，脚注之间需要隔行。在正文中的引语(直接或间接)处的上方标上阿拉伯数字，脚注也标上相应的数字。注释要包括作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版社、出版时间及页码。

1. The materials used in the class consisted of two texts-a vocabulary building text and an advanced reading text-and the SRA Kit2

2. SRA Reading Laboratory is a set of materials for students in grades 9 to 12. The kit contains multilevel individualized learning materials focusing on reading and study skills.

3. 尾注(Endnotes)

尾注要另起一页，放在该章的最后一页，标上Notes,隔行打印。引语处的上方要标上阿拉伯数字，尾注也同样标出相应的数字。

Notes

1. Emily Bronte(Ellis Bell, pseud.), Wuthering Heights(London, 1850).

2. E. Nwezeh, “The Comparative Approach To Modern African Literature,”Yearbook of General and Comparative Literature, no. 28(1979):22.

　二、 参考文献(Bibliography)

APA格式建议使用references一词。当使用references时，列出的作者和作品一定是在文中提到过的。Bibliography可包括文中提到的作者或作品，也包括相关的阅读的材料。MLA形式要求用List of Works Cited。

参考文献的条目要按字母顺序排列，不用阿拉伯数字标示。隔行打印。每个条目要从左开始，同属一个作者时，后面几行要缩进三个空格。

书目的写法包括四项：作者、日期、书名和出版社。作者项里先写出作者的姓，名字用首字母，名和姓间用逗号隔开。如果超过两个作者，最后一个作者前用&，所有的作者的姓和名都要颠倒。

APA形式把日期放在名后，其前后都有句号。书名的第一个字母要大写，用斜体或下划线。如果有小标题，用冒号把大标题和小标题隔开。

Krashen, S. 1982. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon.

Lenneberg, E. 1967. Biological Foundations of Language Teaching. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

MLA也包括这四项，只是顺序不同。它的时间放在后面。当有两个以上的作者时，只颠倒第一个作者的名字。

Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek. New York: Random, 1991.

Barlett, Donald L., and James B. Steele. Forevermore: Nuclear Waste in America. New York: Norton, 1985

在标注杂志或期刊时，注明年月，年在前，月在后，由逗号隔开。月份要求会拼。标题的第一个字母要大写，用单引号。还要提供具体的页数。

Gregg, K. R. 1984. ’Krashen’s monitor and Occam’s razor.’ TESOL Quarterly 20:116-22

Jacobson, W. 1987.’ An assessment of the communication needs of non-native speakers of English in an undergraduate physics lab.’ ESP Journal 5:173-88.

Johnson, K. 1983.’ Syllabus design: possible future trends’ in K. Johnson and D. Porter(eds.): Perspectives in Communicative Language Teaching. New York: Academic Press. (论文集中的一篇)

MLA形式要求标题的所有词的首字母大写。

摘引报纸：

Greene, Bob.“What’s Bad For General Motors?”. Chicago Tribune 24 December, 1991:2.1(MLA格式)

APA格式作为国外大学essay写作中比较常见的一种文献格式，对我们留学新生来说遇到一些几百字的short essay可以不用写reference，而遇到超过1500字的essay一般来说就会有相应的reference list条目数量要求，这就需要大家根据APA格式写作规范来书写reference. 接下来教育小编来讨论一下APA格式中常见的著作和论文的文中夹注与参考文献的写法：

1. Books 著作

1) Book with one author (一位作者的著作）

Reference citation in text （文中夹注）

Rosenthal (1987) has argued that …or … this is significant (Rosenthal, 1987).
If the author’s name is not in the text, include it in the parentheses.

J. Sandemose has discussed this in his biography (2004, pp.522-552).
It is recommended to include the page number (or chapter) in addition to the year when paraphrasing or referring to a passage. This is optional.

In bibliography （参考文献）
Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Sandemose, J. (2004). Aksel Sandemose: A biography. Oslo: Aschehoug.

2) Book with two to seven authors （2到7位作者的著作）

Reference citation in text （文中夹注）

Beck and Sales (2001 ) here establish a new theory.
or A new theory is established here (Beck & Sales, 2001).
In all subsequent citations to books with two authors, repeat both names and year.

This is also analysed in terms of theories of aesthetics (Carlsen,Nielsen, & Rasmussen, 2001).
With 3-5 authors, write all names in the first citation. In subsequent citations write only the first author’s surname followed by et al. (et al. = “and others”.) With 6 or more authors,cite only the first author’s surname followed by et al. in allcitations. The year is included in all citations, e.g.(Carlsen et al., 2001).

In bibliography （参考文献）
Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation:Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Carlsen, M. S., Nielsen, K. G., & Rasmussen, K. S. (2001). Deleuze’s philosophy. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum.
All authors’ names (up to 7) are written in the bibliography.
（八位作者以上的情况比较少见，有的话建议大家尽量避开~）

3) Chapter in book with editor （选集中的章节）

Reference citation in text （文中夹注）
There are, as Sleeter (1995) has proven, large variations.
The in-text citation refers to the author of the chapter.

In bibliography （参考文献）
Sleeter, C. E. (1995). Radical structuralist perspectives and learning disabilities. In T. M. Skrtic (Ed.), Disability and democracy:Reconstructing(special) education for postmodernity (pp. 153-165). New York : Teachers College.
Chapter author and chapter title are written first, then the editor(s),book title (in italics), and chapter page numbers (in parentheses).The reference to the book begins with “In”.

2. Articles 论文

1) Article with one author （一位作者的论文）
Reference citation in text （文中夹注）
From printed journal without DOI (Digital Object Identifier): 
没有数字对象标识符的出版期刊
According to Friscolanti, we are entering “a new age of hybrid tanks… and biogenerators that transform trash into power” (2009, p. 35).
Write … in a quote if words are excluded. Write the page number of the quote.

From online journal without DOI: 
没有数字对象标识符的网络期刊
Skull fractures caused by golf balls can inflict brain damage in young children (Steinbok, 2008).

From journal (printed or online) with DOI: 
有数字对象标识符的出版或网络期刊
Since 1970 the number of children who have received the diagnosis autism has tripled(Safran, 2008, p. 92). “The term autism has undergone a complete transformation since the 1940’s” writes psychologist S. P. Safran (ibid., p.90).
When there are several citations to the same source,“ibid.” can be used. Include the pagenumber of the quote.

In bibliography （参考文献）
From printed journal without DOI(Digital Object Identifier): 
Friscolanti, M. (2009). Lean, green war machine. Maclean’s, 121(51),35-36.
The title of the journal (not the article) is in italics. Volume in italics. Issue in parentheses, and not in italics. Write page number(s) for the entire article.

From online journal without DOI:
Steinbok, P. (2008). Operative management of growing skull fractures. Child’s Nervous System, 24(5), 605-607. Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com
Write complete URL if content is freely available (open access).Write URL of the journal’s home page if available by subscription (this example).

From journal (printed or online) with DOI:
Safran, S. P. (2008). Why youngsters with autistic spectrum disorders remain underrepresented in special education.
Remedial and Special Education, 29(2), 90- 95. doi:10.1177/0741932507311637
Do not write the name of the database or URL because the DOI is a specific identifier and link to content when written in the address line of a browser or in a doiresolver.

2) Article with several authors 有多位作者的论文
Reference citation in text （文中夹注）
Articles with two authors: 有两位作者的论文
Write both names in all citations. 
The study shows that men do more housework after they become fathers (Deutsch, Lussier, & Servis, 1993, p. 116).

Articles with 3-5 authors: 有3-5位作者的论文
Write all names in the first citation. In the next citation to the same article, name only the first author followed by et al. and year. Page number is optional, but recommended.

Articles with more than five authors: 有五位以上作者的论文
Write only the first author followed by et al. and the year, for all citations.

In bibliography （参考文献）
The title of the journal (not the article) in italics.
Deutsch, F. M., Lussier, J. B., & Servis, L. J. (1993).Husbands at home. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 115- 117.
For articles with up to six authors, write all names. For articles with seven or more authors, write the first six names followed by … and then the last author’s name. (This example shows an article from a printed journal without DOI.)

3) Newspaper article 报纸文章
Reference citation in text （文中夹注）
Printed newspaper: 出版的报纸
Obesity has a direct correlation, not only to heart disease and cancer, but also to poverty (Schwartz, 2005).

Online newspaper: 网络报纸
The economic crisis in the USA strengthens Obama’s chances of winning the presidential election (Nagourney & Bumiller, 2008).

In bibliography （参考文献）
newspaper: 出版的报纸
Schwartz, J. (2005, September 30). Obesity affects economic,social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4-A5.
If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the numbers with a comma.

Online newspaper:网络报纸
Nagourney, A., & Bumiller, E. (2008, September 25). McCainleaps into a thicket. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

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